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Comparing XRISM Cluster Velocity Dispersions with Predictions from Cosmological Simulations: Are Feedback Models Too Ejective?


Journal article


M. Audard, H. Awaki, R. Ballhausen, A. Bamba, E. Behar, R. Boissay-Malaquin, L. Brenneman, Gregory V. Brown, Lia Corrales, E. Costantini, R. Cumbee, M. Díaz Trigo, C. Done, T. Dotani, K. Ebisawa, M. Eckart, Dominique Eckert, Satoshi Eguchi, T. Enoto, Y. Ezoe, Adam R. Foster, R. Fujimoto, Y. Fujita, Yasushi Fukazawa, Kotaro Fukushima, A. Furuzawa, L. Gallo, Javier A. García, Liyi Gu, M. Guainazzi, Kouichi Hagino, Kenji Hamaguchi, I. Hatsukade, Katsuhiro Hayashi, T. Hayashi, N. Hell, E. Hodges-Kluck, A. Hornschemeier, Y. Ichinohe, D. Ishi, Manabu Ishida, K. Ishikawa, Y. Ishisaki, J. Kaastra, T. Kallman, Erin Kara, S. Katsuda, Y. Kanemaru, Rich Kelley, C. Kilbourne, S. Kitamoto, S. Kobayashi, T. Kohmura, A. Kubota, M. Leutenegger, M. Loewenstein, Yoshitomo Maeda, M. Markevitch, Hironori Matsumoto, K. Matsushita, D. McCammon, Brian McNamara, F. Mernier, E. Miller, Jon M. Miller, I. Mitsuishi, M. Mizumoto, T. Mizuno, K. Mori, K. Mukai, Hiroshi Murakami, R. Mushotzky, H. Nakajima, K. Nakazawa, J. Ness, K. Nobukawa, M. Nobukawa, Hirofumi Noda, H. Odaka, S. Ogawa, A. Ogorzałek, T. Okajima, Naomi Ota, S. Paltani, R. Petre, P. Plucinsky, F. Porter, K. Pottschmidt, Kosuke Sato, Toshiki Sato, M. Sawada, H. Seta, M. Shidatsu, A. Simionescu, Randall Smith, Hiromasa Suzuki, A. Szymkowiak, H. Takahashi, M. Takeo, T. Tamagawa, Keisuke Tamura, Takaaki Tanaka, A. Tanimoto, M. Tashiro, Y. Terada, Y. Terashima, Y. Tsuboi, M. Tsujimoto, H. Tsunemi, T. Tsuru, Ayşegül Tümer, Hiroyuki Uchida, N. Uchida, Y. Uchida, H. Uchiyama, S. Ueda, Y. Ueda, S. Uno, J. Vink, S. Watanabe, Brian J. Williams, S. Yamada, S. Yamada, Hiroya Yamaguchi, K. Yamaoka, N. Yamasaki, M. Yamauchi, S. Yamauchi, T. Yaqoob, T. Yoneyama, Tessei Yoshida, M. Yukita, I. Zhuravleva, W. Cui, S. Ettori, Skylar Grayson, Annie Heinrich, H. McCall, D. Nelson, N. Okabe, Y. Omiya, Arnab Sarkar, Evan Scannapieco, Ming Sun, Kei E. I. Tanaka, N. Truong, D. Wik, Congyao Zhang, J. Zuhone
Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2025

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APA   Click to copy
Audard, M., Awaki, H., Ballhausen, R., Bamba, A., Behar, E., Boissay-Malaquin, R., … Zuhone, J. (2025). Comparing XRISM Cluster Velocity Dispersions with Predictions from Cosmological Simulations: Are Feedback Models Too Ejective? Astrophysical Journal Letters.


Chicago/Turabian   Click to copy
Audard, M., H. Awaki, R. Ballhausen, A. Bamba, E. Behar, R. Boissay-Malaquin, L. Brenneman, et al. “Comparing XRISM Cluster Velocity Dispersions with Predictions from Cosmological Simulations: Are Feedback Models Too Ejective?” Astrophysical Journal Letters (2025).


MLA   Click to copy
Audard, M., et al. “Comparing XRISM Cluster Velocity Dispersions with Predictions from Cosmological Simulations: Are Feedback Models Too Ejective?” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2025.


BibTeX   Click to copy

@article{m2025a,
  title = {Comparing XRISM Cluster Velocity Dispersions with Predictions from Cosmological Simulations: Are Feedback Models Too Ejective?},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Astrophysical Journal Letters},
  author = {Audard, M. and Awaki, H. and Ballhausen, R. and Bamba, A. and Behar, E. and Boissay-Malaquin, R. and Brenneman, L. and Brown, Gregory V. and Corrales, Lia and Costantini, E. and Cumbee, R. and Trigo, M. Díaz and Done, C. and Dotani, T. and Ebisawa, K. and Eckart, M. and Eckert, Dominique and Eguchi, Satoshi and Enoto, T. and Ezoe, Y. and Foster, Adam R. and Fujimoto, R. and Fujita, Y. and Fukazawa, Yasushi and Fukushima, Kotaro and Furuzawa, A. and Gallo, L. and García, Javier A. and Gu, Liyi and Guainazzi, M. and Hagino, Kouichi and Hamaguchi, Kenji and Hatsukade, I. and Hayashi, Katsuhiro and Hayashi, T. and Hell, N. and Hodges-Kluck, E. and Hornschemeier, A. and Ichinohe, Y. and Ishi, D. and Ishida, Manabu and Ishikawa, K. and Ishisaki, Y. and Kaastra, J. and Kallman, T. and Kara, Erin and Katsuda, S. and Kanemaru, Y. and Kelley, Rich and Kilbourne, C. and Kitamoto, S. and Kobayashi, S. and Kohmura, T. and Kubota, A. and Leutenegger, M. and Loewenstein, M. and Maeda, Yoshitomo and Markevitch, M. and Matsumoto, Hironori and Matsushita, K. and McCammon, D. and McNamara, Brian and Mernier, F. and Miller, E. and Miller, Jon M. and Mitsuishi, I. and Mizumoto, M. and Mizuno, T. and Mori, K. and Mukai, K. and Murakami, Hiroshi and Mushotzky, R. and Nakajima, H. and Nakazawa, K. and Ness, J. and Nobukawa, K. and Nobukawa, M. and Noda, Hirofumi and Odaka, H. and Ogawa, S. and Ogorzałek, A. and Okajima, T. and Ota, Naomi and Paltani, S. and Petre, R. and Plucinsky, P. and Porter, F. and Pottschmidt, K. and Sato, Kosuke and Sato, Toshiki and Sawada, M. and Seta, H. and Shidatsu, M. and Simionescu, A. and Smith, Randall and Suzuki, Hiromasa and Szymkowiak, A. and Takahashi, H. and Takeo, M. and Tamagawa, T. and Tamura, Keisuke and Tanaka, Takaaki and Tanimoto, A. and Tashiro, M. and Terada, Y. and Terashima, Y. and Tsuboi, Y. and Tsujimoto, M. and Tsunemi, H. and Tsuru, T. and Tümer, Ayşegül and Uchida, Hiroyuki and Uchida, N. and Uchida, Y. and Uchiyama, H. and Ueda, S. and Ueda, Y. and Uno, S. and Vink, J. and Watanabe, S. and Williams, Brian J. and Yamada, S. and Yamada, S. and Yamaguchi, Hiroya and Yamaoka, K. and Yamasaki, N. and Yamauchi, M. and Yamauchi, S. and Yaqoob, T. and Yoneyama, T. and Yoshida, Tessei and Yukita, M. and Zhuravleva, I. and Cui, W. and Ettori, S. and Grayson, Skylar and Heinrich, Annie and McCall, H. and Nelson, D. and Okabe, N. and Omiya, Y. and Sarkar, Arnab and Scannapieco, Evan and Sun, Ming and Tanaka, Kei E. I. and Truong, N. and Wik, D. and Zhang, Congyao and Zuhone, J.}
}

Abstract

The dynamics of the intracluster medium (ICM), the hot plasma that fills galaxy clusters, are shaped by gravity-driven cluster mergers and feedback from supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the cluster cores. XRISM measurements of ICM velocities in several clusters offer insights into these processes. We compare XRISM measurements for nine galaxy clusters (Virgo, Perseus, Centaurus, Hydra-A, PKS 0745–19, A2029, Coma, A2319, and Ophiuchus) with predictions from three state-of-the-art cosmological simulation suites, TNG-Cluster, the Three Hundred Project GADGET-X, and GIZMO-SIMBA, that employ different models of feedback. In cool cores, XRISM reveals systematically lower velocity dispersions than the simulations predict, with all 10 measurements below the median simulated values by a factor of 1.5–1.7 on average and all falling within the bottom 10% of the predicted distributions. The observed kinetic-to-total pressure ratio is also lower, with a median value of 2.2%, compared to the predicted 5.0%–6.5% for the three simulations. Outside the cool cores and in non-cool-core (NCC) clusters, simulations show better agreement with XRISM measurements, except for the outskirts of the relaxed, cool-core cluster A2029, which exhibits an exceptionally low kinetic pressure support (<1%), with none of the simulated systems in either of the three suites reaching such low levels. The NCC Coma and A2319 exhibit dispersions at the lower end but within the simulated spread. Our comparison suggests that the three numerical models may overestimate the kinetic effects of SMBH feedback in cluster cores. Additional XRISM observations of NCC clusters will clarify if there is a systematic tension in the gravity-dominated regime as well.


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