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Disentangling multiple gas kinematic drivers in the Perseus galaxy cluster


Journal article


Marc Hisamitsu Ralf Aya Ehud Rozenn Laura Gregory V. Li Audard Awaki Ballhausen Bamba Behar Boissay-Malaqu, M. Audard, H. Awaki, R. Ballhausen, A. Bamba, E. Behar, R. Boissay-Malaquin, L. Brenneman, Gregory V. Brown, Lia Corrales, E. Costantini, R. Cumbee, M. Díaz Trigo, C. Done, T. Dotani, K. Ebisawa, M. Eckart, Dominique Eckert, Satoshi Eguchi, T. Enoto, Y. Ezoe, Adam R. Foster, R. Fujimoto, Y. Fujita, Yasushi Fukazawa, Kotaro Fukushima, A. Furuzawa, L. Gallo, Javier A. García, Liyi Gu, M. Guainazzi, Kouichi Hagino, Kenji Hamaguchi, I. Hatsukade, Katsuhiro Hayashi, T. Hayashi, N. Hell, E. Hodges-Kluck, A. Hornschemeier, Y. Ichinohe, D. Ishi, Manabu Ishida, K. Ishikawa, Y. Ishisaki, J. Kaastra, T. Kallman, Erin Kara, S. Katsuda, Y. Kanemaru, Rich Kelley, C. Kilbourne, S. Kitamoto, S. Kobayashi, T. Kohmura, A. Kubota, M. Leutenegger, M. Loewenstein, Yoshitomo Maeda, M. Markevitch, Hironori Matsumoto, K. Matsushita, D. McCammon, Brian McNamara, F. Mernier, E. Miller, Jon M. Miller, I. Mitsuishi, M. Mizumoto, T. Mizuno, K. Mori, K. Mukai, Hiroshi Murakami, R. Mushotzky, H. Nakajima, K. Nakazawa, J. Ness, K. Nobukawa, M. Nobukawa, Hirofumi Noda, H. Odaka, S. Ogawa, A. Ogorzałek, T. Okajima, Naomi Ota, S. Paltani, R. Petre, P. Plucinsky, F. Porter, K. Pottschmidt, Kosuke Sato, Toshiki Sato, M. Sawada, H. Seta, M. Shidatsu, A. Simionescu, Randall Smith, Hiromasa Suzuki, A. Szymkowiak, H. Takahashi, M. Takeo, T. Tamagawa, Keisuke Tamura, Takaaki Tanaka, A. Tanimoto, M. Tashiro, Y. Terada, Y. Terashima, Y. Tsuboi, M. Tsujimoto, H. Tsunemi, T. Tsuru, Ayşegül Tümer, Hiroyuki Uchida, N. Uchida, Y. Uchida, H. Uchiyama, Y. Ueda, S. Uno, J. Vink, S. Watanabe, Brian J. Williams, S. Yamada, S. Yamada, Hiroya Yamaguchi, K. Yamaoka, N. Yamasaki, M. Yamauchi, S. Yamauchi, T. Yaqoob, T. Yoneyama, Tessei Yoshida, M. Yukita, Ian Drury, J. Hlavacek-Larrondo, J. Meunier, K. Migkas, Lior Shefler, P. Stancil, N. Truong, S. Ueda, B. Vigneron, J. Zuhone, Congyao Zhang, Annie Heinrich, I. Zhuravleva, E. Bellomi
Nature, 2025

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APA   Click to copy
Boissay-Malaqu, M. H. R. A. E. R. L. G. V. L. A. A. B. B. B., Audard, M., Awaki, H., Ballhausen, R., Bamba, A., Behar, E., … Bellomi, E. (2025). Disentangling multiple gas kinematic drivers in the Perseus galaxy cluster. Nature.


Chicago/Turabian   Click to copy
Boissay-Malaqu, Marc Hisamitsu Ralf Aya Ehud Rozenn Laura Gregory V. Li Audard Awaki Ballhausen Bamba Behar, M. Audard, H. Awaki, R. Ballhausen, A. Bamba, E. Behar, R. Boissay-Malaquin, et al. “Disentangling Multiple Gas Kinematic Drivers in the Perseus Galaxy Cluster.” Nature (2025).


MLA   Click to copy
Boissay-Malaqu, Marc Hisamitsu Ralf Aya Ehud Rozenn Laura Gregory V. Li Audard Awaki Ballhausen Bamba Behar, et al. “Disentangling Multiple Gas Kinematic Drivers in the Perseus Galaxy Cluster.” Nature, 2025.


BibTeX   Click to copy

@article{marc2025a,
  title = {Disentangling multiple gas kinematic drivers in the Perseus galaxy cluster},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Nature},
  author = {Boissay-Malaqu, Marc Hisamitsu Ralf Aya Ehud Rozenn Laura Gregory V. Li Audard Awaki Ballhausen Bamba Behar and Audard, M. and Awaki, H. and Ballhausen, R. and Bamba, A. and Behar, E. and Boissay-Malaquin, R. and Brenneman, L. and Brown, Gregory V. and Corrales, Lia and Costantini, E. and Cumbee, R. and Trigo, M. Díaz and Done, C. and Dotani, T. and Ebisawa, K. and Eckart, M. and Eckert, Dominique and Eguchi, Satoshi and Enoto, T. and Ezoe, Y. and Foster, Adam R. and Fujimoto, R. and Fujita, Y. and Fukazawa, Yasushi and Fukushima, Kotaro and Furuzawa, A. and Gallo, L. and García, Javier A. and Gu, Liyi and Guainazzi, M. and Hagino, Kouichi and Hamaguchi, Kenji and Hatsukade, I. and Hayashi, Katsuhiro and Hayashi, T. and Hell, N. and Hodges-Kluck, E. and Hornschemeier, A. and Ichinohe, Y. and Ishi, D. and Ishida, Manabu and Ishikawa, K. and Ishisaki, Y. and Kaastra, J. and Kallman, T. and Kara, Erin and Katsuda, S. and Kanemaru, Y. and Kelley, Rich and Kilbourne, C. and Kitamoto, S. and Kobayashi, S. and Kohmura, T. and Kubota, A. and Leutenegger, M. and Loewenstein, M. and Maeda, Yoshitomo and Markevitch, M. and Matsumoto, Hironori and Matsushita, K. and McCammon, D. and McNamara, Brian and Mernier, F. and Miller, E. and Miller, Jon M. and Mitsuishi, I. and Mizumoto, M. and Mizuno, T. and Mori, K. and Mukai, K. and Murakami, Hiroshi and Mushotzky, R. and Nakajima, H. and Nakazawa, K. and Ness, J. and Nobukawa, K. and Nobukawa, M. and Noda, Hirofumi and Odaka, H. and Ogawa, S. and Ogorzałek, A. and Okajima, T. and Ota, Naomi and Paltani, S. and Petre, R. and Plucinsky, P. and Porter, F. and Pottschmidt, K. and Sato, Kosuke and Sato, Toshiki and Sawada, M. and Seta, H. and Shidatsu, M. and Simionescu, A. and Smith, Randall and Suzuki, Hiromasa and Szymkowiak, A. and Takahashi, H. and Takeo, M. and Tamagawa, T. and Tamura, Keisuke and Tanaka, Takaaki and Tanimoto, A. and Tashiro, M. and Terada, Y. and Terashima, Y. and Tsuboi, Y. and Tsujimoto, M. and Tsunemi, H. and Tsuru, T. and Tümer, Ayşegül and Uchida, Hiroyuki and Uchida, N. and Uchida, Y. and Uchiyama, H. and Ueda, Y. and Uno, S. and Vink, J. and Watanabe, S. and Williams, Brian J. and Yamada, S. and Yamada, S. and Yamaguchi, Hiroya and Yamaoka, K. and Yamasaki, N. and Yamauchi, M. and Yamauchi, S. and Yaqoob, T. and Yoneyama, T. and Yoshida, Tessei and Yukita, M. and Drury, Ian and Hlavacek-Larrondo, J. and Meunier, J. and Migkas, K. and Shefler, Lior and Stancil, P. and Truong, N. and Ueda, S. and Vigneron, B. and Zuhone, J. and Zhang, Congyao and Heinrich, Annie and Zhuravleva, I. and Bellomi, E.}
}

Abstract

Galaxy clusters, the Universe’s largest halo structures, are filled with an X-ray-emitting gas with a temperature between 10 million and 100 million degrees. Their evolution is shaped by energetic processes such as feedback from supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and mergers with other cosmic structures1, 2–3. The imprints of these processes on gas kinematics remain largely unknown, restricting our understanding of energy conversion within clusters4. High-resolution spectral mapping with the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) observatory5 offers a way forward6,7. Here we present XRISM kinematic measurements of the Perseus cluster, radially covering the extent of its cool core. We find direct evidence for at least two dominant drivers of gas motions operating on distinct physical scales: a small-scale driver in the inner approximately 60 kpc, probably associated with the SMBH feedback; and a large-scale driver in the outer core, powered by mergers. This finding suggests that, during the active phase, SMBH feedback drives gas motions, which, if fully dissipated into heat, could have a substantial role in offsetting radiative cooling losses in the Perseus core. Our study underscores the necessity of kinematic mapping observations of extended sources to robustly characterize the velocity fields and their role in the evolution of massive halos. It further offers a kinematic diagnostic for SMBH feedback models. Kinematic measurements of the Perseus galaxy cluster reveal two drivers of gas motions: a small-scale driver in the inner core associated with black-hole feedback and a large-scale driver in the outer core powered by mergers.


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